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We will review your submission shortly! An account of Kuffler's work is given by Eric R. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Stephen W.

United States. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. Kuffler: August 24, October 11, ". From the very beginning Steve formed a close and long lasting friendship with Bernard Katz.

Although Steve was to develop his own highly characteristic style of experimental research, Bernard Katz remained as the neuroscientist who most influenced his standards for the conduct of scientific research.

In Eccles's lab Steve on his own made his first experiments on isolated nerve muscle junctions, which Bernard Katz described as ''a brilliant technical feat.

In addition to doing his own research he recruited a group of brilliant, independent young scientists, including David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel, Edwin Furshpan, and David Potter, together with an outstanding electronics engineer, Robert Bosler, with whom he was to work closely for the rest of his life.

Steve also began to spend summers at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole with his family and co-workers and started the first experimental lab courses devoted to the nervous system the "Nerve-Muscle Program," later to become the neurobiology course.

These intense lab and discussion courses had immense influence on generations of young graduate students and postdoctoral fellows coming from a variety of disciplines.

In the entire laboratory moved to the Department of Pharmacology at Harvard Medical School at the invitation of Prof. Otto Krayer, who offered generous space and facilities.

At Harvard, Steve recruited a young biochemist, Edward Kravitz. A major contribution to the study of the nervous system was Steve's innovative idea of combining physiology, biochemistry, histology, neuroanatomy, and electron microscopy in one single group.

In this way he shifted the focus of research from techniques that had been located in separate departments in universities throughout the world to neurobiology, a concept that Steve invented.

From the time that the Department of Neurobiology was created in with Steve as chairman, he continued until his death to work in the lab with one or two postdoctoral fellows.

Summers were spent at Woods Hole, except for the years to , which were spent at the Salk Institute in La Jolla. Throughout his career, Steve provided the impetus for much of the research by his co-workers and criticized their papers in a light but decisive, inimitable style.

Steve's name, however, appeared as author only on those papers in which he had done the experiments with his own hands. In the following paragraphs I summarize briefly highlights of Steve's research in roughly chronological order.

Steve's style of research from the outset was to locate the Gordian knot and then cut right through it. By dissecting a single skeletal muscle fiber together with its nerve—an immensely difficult task—Steve could analyze the events occurring at the synapse with greater precision than had hitherto been possible in intact muscles.

At a time when. As a student, I well remember reading each new paper with excitement and admiration. Other experiments with Bernard Katz on crustacean muscles set the stage for later important studies on inhibition.

Steve's initial work in Chicago was on slowly contracting muscle fibers in the frog and this in turn led him to the study of the sensory innervation of mammalian muscle.

Although important pioneering studies had been made on sensory muscle spindles by B. Matthews in the early s and by L.

Leksell in the mids, the literature about the efferent output from the spinal cord to the spindle was abundant but confused and largely incomprehensible.

This was the usual starting point for Steve's generation of a new idea. At Hopkins, together with Peter Quilliam and Cuy Hunt with whom he was to develop a close friendship and work for several years, he devised an elegant and direct experiment.

Electrical recordings were made from a single sensory fiber coming from a muscle spindle receptor in muscle. At the same time an individual motor nerve fiber was stimulated.

A large fiber, as expected, caused muscle contractions. When a single small diameter motor fiber was stimulated there was no overt contraction of the muscle, but the stimuli dramatically increased the frequency of the sensory discharge.

This was due to activation of small specialized muscle fibers in the muscle spindle. In a series of elegant papers Cuy Hunt and Steve explored in detail the role of this efferent control by the nervous system of the information coming to it.

In the next series of experiments at Hopkins, Steve turned to signaling in the mammalian retina. In it was impossible to understand the meaning of signals traveling from the eye to the brain.

This was in large part because bright flashes of diffuse white or colored light had been used as stimuli. Through the invention with his friend S.

Talbot of a new ophthalmoscope, Steve was able to stimulate well-defined discrete areas of retina by small, light, or dark spots.

Once again in one series of experiments in which he was sole author, Steve revealed a fundamental mechanism. A key feature was to use natural stimuli to define the receptive field properties of individual ganglion cells and their optic nerve fibers.

The major conclusion was that these cells responded primarily to contrast and to moving stimuli rather than diffuse light. These properties in turn depended on the convergence of excitatory and inhibitory inputs arising from cells in preceding layers of the retina.

A story Steve told me shows the impact of these retina papers. Steve had just presented his new findings at a meeting in Cambridge. Lord Adrian, the pioneer in our understanding of sensory signaling whom Steve greatly admired but had never met, was walking along a corridor from the other direction.

As he encountered Steve he stopped, cocked his head, and asked simply, "Are they the same in the brain? With Carlos Eyzaguirre, Steve made the most elegant and detailed study of the way signals are initiated in mechanoreceptors.

He chose the crustacean receptor as the ideal. In beautifully clear recordings they defined the properties of the generator potential, the essential intermediary signal between stimulus and conducted action potentials.

In the same preparation they provided new insights into inhibitory mechanisms, again demonstrating efferent control by the central nervous system of information coming to it.

An important pointer to the future was the study by Steve with Charles Edwards of the effect of gammaaminobutyric acid GABA , which mimicked the action of inhibitory nerves.

Comparisons of the actions of GABA with those of the naturally released transmitter revealed a close similarity.

In back-breaking experiments, meters literally! Biochemical analysis showed that inhibitory axons contained high concentrations of GABA, approximately a thousand times more than the excitatory axons.

These experiments laid the foundation for subsequent work on GABA mechanisms in mammalian brain.

Immediately preceding these GABA experiments Steve together with Josef Dudel had broken new ground by unequivocally demonstrating the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition, hitherto a somewhat ill-defined concept.

The most Kuffler families were found in the USA in In there were 6 Kuffler families living in Kansas. Kansas had the highest population of Kuffler families in Use census records and voter lists to see where families with the Kuffler surname lived.

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